proposer是什么意思,proposer中文翻译,proposer发音、用法及例句

•proposer

proposer发音

[prə'pəuzə]

英:  美:

proposer中文意思翻译

n. 申请人, 提案人

proposer词形变化

动词过去式: proposed |动词第三人称单数: proposes |动词过去分词: proposed |动词现在分词: proposing |名词: proposer |

proposer同义词

insinuate | throw out | put forward | resolve | dream of | to | throw | project | a | mean | launch | introduce | urge |suggest | declare oneself | say | aver | drive at | initiate | declare | open | purpose | dream | maintain | tender | designate | come up with | broach | make a bid | intend | bid | prescribe | allege | design | move | of | prefer | state | expect | commend | aim | proposition | plan | up | with | predicate | advance | promote | offer | have in mind | at | pitch | advise | recommend | out | come | name | aspire to | present | proffer | nominate | drive | advocate | aspire | voice | volunteer | submit | purport | pop the question | assert | make

proposer反义词

deny

proposer常见例句

1 、Issuing bank trusts all the importing documents to proposer will not result in out of hand of issuing bank, and regulations in trust law do not conflict with guarantee law.───四、开证行将具有全套进口的单据信托给开证申请人不会脱手,担保法上的要求和信托法上约定并不构成冲突。

2 、hors de propos───不合用

3 、"A propos of revolution," said Joly, "it is decidedly abberent that Barius is in lub.───“说到革命,”若李说,“好象毫无疑问,巴(马)吕斯正在闹恋爱。”

4 、The proposer can choose to describe this part by submitting in the form of paperwork, cassette, CD, MP3 or videotape. Please use separate sheets if necessary.───提名人亦可选择以文字、录音带、CD、MP3或录影带方式表述此部分内容。如有需要,请另页填写一并递交。

5 、This paper elaborates the sources and harms of the atmospheric pollutants in the cities which oil fields are located in and propos...───本文阐述了油田所处城市的大气污染物的来源和危害并提出一些相应的治理措施。

6 、For the reasons of proposer, such as proposer want to cancel application, apply for refusal made by consulate, or terminate case, Japan consulate will not return all materials and our office will also not return service expence.───如因申请人方面的原因,要求中途撤消申请,或申请被领事馆拒签、终止受理等情况,所有签证资料日本领事馆将不予退回,本公司亦不予退回服务费。

7 、Has any claim made/ traffic accident involved/ driving offense convicted for the last 3 years by the Proposer / above Named Driver(s)?───投保人或上列之记名司机过往三年有否要求任何赔偿/牵涉交通意外/被扣分?

8 、In this game, two players, a proposer and a responder, divide a reward.It could be a cake.It could be cash.───在这场游戏中,有两个参与者,建议者和回答者,他们一起分可能是块蛋糕,现金或是一串葡萄的奖励品。

9 、The proposer in person for business or professional purposes are covered in all cases.───投保车辆由投保人驾驶用作私人商务或普通用途均属保障范围内。

10 、But why, you came up with the proposal.─── 但为什么 这个主意是你想的

11 、Wanxing Shanghai is a production company that specializing in manufacturing luxury brands boutiques, cosmetics kiosk, roadshow and conference propos.───上海皖星道具设计制作有限公司是一家以化妆品专柜、品牌专卖店、企业形象设计制作专业化公司。

12 、KO PROPO is the world's leading manufacturer of Radio Control Systems exclusively developed for Model Car Use.───正酚,是世界领先的制造商,无线电控制系统专门开发的汽车模型使用。

13 、Accompanying my proposer was another Rotarian who went to the same church that my family and I attended.───与我的推荐人共同推荐的是与我家人和我属于共同教会的另一位扶轮社员。

14 、The composition proposer disposed of the components.───作文提议者处理掉了那些元件。

15 、Before I can be convinced that your proposal is credible, he'll need to be convinced that your proposal is credible.─── 在我足以确信你的提案可取之前 他得先确信你的提案行之有效

16 、The Foundation reserves all rights to acquire additional information, validation, and/or clarification from the Proposer and/or the Applicant for the purpose of processing this application.───为着有效处理是项申请所需,本基金将保留向提名人及/或申请人收取额外资料、核实证明、及澄清的所有权利。

17 、Not exactly. I have a proposal for you.─── 也不是 我想给你个提议

18 、The forth debater from the proposer makes conclusion, which lasts for 3 minutes;───主持人介绍正方四辩正4进行总结陈述,时间3分钟;

19 、An engineering method to determine the delamination fracture toughness of composite laminats was propos in the present paper.In addition, its application process was shown.───本文提出了确定复合材料层板脱层断裂韧性的一种工程方法,并举例说明了其使用过程。

20 、It is propo sed that the requirement of grass carp fingerling for vitamin K3 is about 1.9 m g/kg diet.───对饲料中维生素K3含量和草鱼凝血时间进行折线回归分析表明:草鱼幼鱼饲料中维生素K3适宜的含量为1.9mg/kg。

21 、The first debater from the proposer makes argument speeches, which lasts for 3 minutes.───正方派一辩正1进行辩论发言,时间3分钟;

22 、What do you propose? I don't know.─── 你有什么建议吗 不知道

23 、But you broke it off after he proposed.─── 但在他求婚之后 你跟他分手了

24 、Individual usually is as a proposer and maker of the inventions and discoveries. In our long history, there is filled with unnumbered such examples.───个人通常是一个发明或发现的提出者。在历史长河中,有很多这样的例子。

25 、I /we, as Proposer(s), hereby acknowledge that the information submitted in this proposal abstract is factually correct.───我/我们作为建议者,特此确认所提交的上述资料是正确的。

26 、This form should be completed by proposer in BLOCK letters. If there is insufficient space, please use separate sheets.───本提名表格须由提名人以正楷填写。如有需要,请以另页填写并一并递交。

27 、The proposer and opposer make argument speech;───主持人宣布正方和反方进行立论发言;

28 、In order to solve the intractable branching problem i n the complex system reasoning with the standard QSIM algorithm,the paper propos es a decomposing algorithm.───文章针对标准的QSIM算法对于复杂系统推理求解时会产生不可控分枝问题,提出一个模型分解算法。

29 、Based on a discussion on the new development of the medical science and the actual situation of Nanjing Medical University, the author put forward her propos...───作者从医学发展的新的实际出发,在对医学科学精神和医学人文精神的必要性作进一步阐述的基础上,结合南京医科大学的实际提出对两者的融通和共建。

30 、He will also be running AKA Tires, Team Orion motors, batteries and electronics, KO Propo radio gear, and Byron’s fuel.───他还将运行抗体轮胎,团队猎户座马达,电池及电子产品,正酚无线电设备,和拜伦的燃料。

31 、9 May I propos a toast to our friendship and cooperation?───9我提议为我们的友谊与合作干杯!

32 、Soliciting insurance by means ofmispricing,rebating, or other impropermethods of offering a discount on the insurance premium to the proposer or insured.───对要保人或被保险人以错价、放佣或其他不当折减保险费之方法为招揽者。

33 、If the Proposer is not a manufacturer, are the products modified, altered, treated or handled?───如果投保人不是制造商,那产品可以更改、改变或另作处理吗?

34 、proposer and seconder───[法] 建议人和附议人

35 、The proposer's seconder makes argument speech, which lasts for 3minutes.───正方派二辩正2进行辩论发言,时间3分钟;

36 、and then propos'd, that I would place my self in ambush, in some convenient place, with my three guns, all double loaded;───后来,我又想到可以找一个适当的地方埋伏起来,把三支**装上双倍的弹药

37 、Where the proposer is forged.───提案人提案,有伪造情事者。

38 、When deliberating the motions, the relevant special committees may invite the proposer to attend as a visitor and show his opinions.───有关专门委员会审议的时候,可以邀请提案人列席会议,发表意见。

39 、Using exaggerated publicity or advertising or other improper methods to solicit insurance to a proposer, insured, or a third party.───对要保人、被保险人或第三人以夸大不实之宣传、**或其他不当之方法为招揽者。

40 、"A propos of revolution," said Joly, "it is decidedly abberent that Barius is in lub."───格朗泰尔咿里哇啦说了这一大阵子,接着就是一阵咳嗽,活该。

41 、While ac knowledging the right of the United States to control its border, the Mexican president said the propos ed fence is not the solution to the immigration problem.───墨西哥总统承认美国有权管理它的边界,但是他表示防护墙计划不是解决移民问题的方法。

42 、The application scope of the tran sient energy of power system has been extended and a simple method for calculati ng the optimal switching time of pang-pang controlled series capacitor was propo sed.───本文将电力系统中的暂态能量函数的应用范围作了**,给出了一种利用系统暂态能量来计算乓-乓控制的串补电容最优投退时刻的方法。此方法计算简单,控制规律易于实现。

43 、Insect haemolymph melanization can be induced by activating prophenoloxidase (ProPO) cascade.Phenoloxidase (PO) plays an important role in insect humoral immunity.───昆虫血淋巴黑化的形成由激活酚氧化酶原的级联系统所引发,酚氧化酶在昆虫体液免疫中起着重要作用。

44 、QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED BY PROPOSER───投保人务必回答下列问题

45 、The current situation of the logistics personnel is analyzed and then on the basis some cultivation ways are propos...───本文首先分析了我国物流人才现状,在此基础上提出了相应的人才培养对策。

46 、Misrepresenting or failing to explain any matter affecting the rights and interests of the proposer or the insured.───就影响要保人或被保险人权益之事项为不实之说明或不为说明者。

47 、That's why she turned down my proposal.─── 这就是她拒绝我求婚的原因

48 、An optimizing method of laser parameters is propos ed.───对激光冲击强化过程中激光参数的选择进行了优化。

49 、{0>1.Misrepresenting or failing to explain any matter affecting the rights and interests of the proposer or the insured.───一、就影响要保人或被保险人权益之事项为不实之说明或不为说明者。

50 、Some new phenomena were experimentally found, and a possible mechanism of Invar effect was propo.───此外,讨论了铁基纳米晶合金中与因瓦效应相关的几个问题。

51 、People in general thought him a lunatic, and blamed his Reform Club friends for having accepted a wager which betrayed the mental aberration of its proposer.───大家都认为福克是个怪人,是个疯子。跟他打赌的那些会员,也受到人们的责难,人们认为想出这种打赌办法的人脑子也有毛

52 、The proposer and seconder must be ordinary / life member of the Maha Bodhi School Alumni.───上述推荐及附议者必须是普提学校校友会之普通或永久会员.

53 、Individual usually is as a proposer and maker of the inventions and discoveries.───个人通常是一个发明或发现的提出者。

54 、The proposer, seconder and candidates must not be disqualified at the date of nomination.───提议人,附议人及候选人在提名时必须具有会员资格.

55 、All particulars provided in this Proposal Form shall form the basis of the contract between the Insurer and the Proposer.───投保人与承保人所订之保险契约乃按照投保书上所提供之一切资料为本.

56 、Our office will audit and then submit to Japan consulate in two days after receiving the complete material issued by proposer.───我司在收到申请人提供的齐全资料后,一般情况下在二天内审核并将材料递交日本领馆。

57 、The motion can not be put, because the proposer can not find a seconder for it.───因为建议找不到附议者动议不能通过。

58 、You know, we will still interview several proposer before we make final decision.───你知道,在做出最后决定之前我们还要面试几位申请人。

59 、Personal data collected will be used strictly for matters related to the adjudication of the Award and will not be disclosed unless authorised by the nominee or the proposer.───候选人或提名人提供的个人资料只会用于此奖项的有关评选工作,未经候选人或提名人批准,不会公开披露。

60 、1 Proposer and Candidate must be owner/corporate authorized representative;───提名人及候选人必须是业主或公司授权代表;

61 、Indeed, a propos of the television series, the same senior Chinese diplomat mentioned earlier argued energetically that pacifist Japan's post-war rise was a model of good-neighbourliness that China itself could usefully emulate.───实际上,这部纪录片的支持者,也就是上述那位外交官言之凿凿的指出:日本战后坚持走和平之路成为了一个好邻居,他的崛起是中国值得学习的。

62 、They propose the end state, and the end state is the singularity, but they propose it as something desirable.─── 他们提出这个终极状态 并且这个终极状态是单一的 但是他们是以一种渴望的事物提出的

63 、After this, I made a great heavy pestle or beater, of the wood call'd the iron-wood, and this I prepar'd and laid by against I had my next crop of corn, when i propos'd to my self, to grind, or rather pound my into meal to make my bread.───又用铁树做了一个又大又重的杵。舂谷的工具做好后,我就放起来准备下次收获后舂谷做面粉,再用面粉做面包。

64 、Latest CPA management letter along with Proposer's responses to any recommendations.───最近一期注册会计师之管理建议书及投保公司之复函。

65 、You proposed to me after a few days.─── 你才认识我几天就向我求婚了呢

66 、If Proposer is a manufacturer───如是制造商

67 、G seneter proposer In all, Senator McCain proposes about two hundred billion dollars in new tax cuts for businesses and individuals.───总之,麦克肯参议员计划将200亿美元用于对商人及公民的新税减计划上。

68 、The proposer hereby guarantees that this insurance does not relieve any one party from legal responsibility.───投保人保证该保险的安排不免除第三方依法应负之责任。

69 、And if several responders compete to become the one to accept a single proposer's offer, the proposer can get away with offering a small amount.───假如几个人必须经过竞争,脱颖而出的人才有机会接受一位提议者出价,那麽通常只要出很低的价码就行了。

70 、Remark: The Proposer hereby guarantees that this insurance does not relieve the third parties from legal responsibility.───备注:投保人保证该保险的安排不免除第三方依法应负之责任。

71 、So if... if you want to propose to your girlfriend, propose to your girlfriend.─── 所以如果你想向女友求婚 那就求婚吧

72 、The experiments are made with real recorded data and the results demon strate that the performance of sERP estimation is excellent.So the method propo sed is suitable to sERP processing.───实验结果表明,我们提出的方法不但具有良好的单次提取效果,而且具有较强的适应性和稳健性。

73 、circle6 All particulars provided in this Proposal Form shall form the basis of the contract between the Insurer and the Proposer.───投保人与承保人所订之保险契约乃按照投保书上所提供之一切资料为本。

74 、23 This application must be signed in effect by an officer of the proposer.───本投保书须经投保单位负责人签字方为有效。

75 、Based on the result,the paper proposes some valuable propos...───最后根据预测结果提出了扬州市土地利用结构优化调整的政策建议。

76 、This nomination paper shall be signed by the proposer and the seconder, and the candidates(s) to signify his/her consent to serve, if elected.───本提名表格提议人与附议人必须签名外,候选人也必须签名同意接受提名,及中选后提供服务.

77 、In the game, a "proposer" is given a sum of money, part of which he or she offers to share with a "responder.───在这个游戏中,“申请人”会得到一笔钱,他们可以把其中的一部分钱提供给“回应者”,和他们分享。

78 、Based on it,a method of speech denoising is proposed that the noise residual is subtracted from the noisy speech signal in the propo...───实验表明:上述方法在低信噪比时,仍能较好地保留语音信号的频谱结构,使音质不至于下降。

79 、The proposer and opposer will have a free debate and the speaking time for each side should be accumulated in 5 minutes.───主持人宣布正方和反方进行自由辩论,双方4个辩手发言时间累计在5分钟内;

80 、Based on new parameters, the vapor-liquid equilibri-um of binary systems have been calculated by UNIFAC model.To improve the accuracy of predictiona new functional group-OCOO was propo...───为提高推算精度,对碳酸二乙酯进行新的基团划分,提出了UNIFAC新基团OCOO,重新关联了基团相互作用参数并进行了汽液平衡推算,结果令人满意。

81 、The proposer had been engage,in the process.───此申请人已被雇主选择聘佣,在处理中。

82 、Upon it, a RMT design methodology based concurrency of process planning and machine configuring is propos...───最后,针对各子过程的实现,较为深入地探讨了其理论和方法,即设计可重构机床的几个关键使能技术。

83 、Similar to the guidance of launch vehicles, a uniform gravity field on lunar sur face is assumed.An explicit guidance law for powered descending phase is propos ed to minimize the fuel consumption.───参考运载火箭制 导过程的分析方法,假设月球为一均匀引力场,以燃耗最优性为出发点,提出了一种用于软 着陆动力下降过程的显式制导律。

84 、{0>8.Using improper means to induce a proposer to terminate an in-force insurance contract and enter into a new contract, where there are resulting damages to the proposer.───八、以不当之方法唆使要保人终止有效契约而投保新契约致使要保人受损害者。

85 、The author points out that the different results are caused by the slightly different 100-winding hank number per cocoon. Therefore, propo sals are made for revising the current calculation formula.───文章指出其原因是每粒茧的100回绞数不尽相同所致,从而对现行计算公式提出了修正意见。

86 、He was, he wasn't proposing to me, silly.─── 他又不是在跟我求婚 傻瓜

87 、Where the name or address of the proposer is recorded wrongly or unclearly.───提案人姓名、户籍地址书写错误或不明者。

88 、Generally speaking, passport and visa will be drawn by proposer. As for special instance, it can be drawn by other people with the certification issued by proposer or proposer's company.───护照及签证一般由本人到我司领取,如遇特殊情况,可由申请人或申请人所在单位出具证明委托他人到我司领取。

89 、{0>2.Where the name or address of the proposer is recorded wrongly or unclearly.───二、提案人姓名、户籍地址书写错误或不明者。

90 、This game-theory analysis, which assumes that people are selfish and rational, tells you that the proposer should offer the smallest possible share and the responder should accept it.───博弈理论(Gametheory)的逻辑就是如此,假定每个人都自私而理性的话,提议者会想办法出最低的价,而回答者也会接受提议。

Tendermint 共识算法

分布式一致性算法一般可以分为两类:拜占庭容错和非拜占庭容错。

非拜占庭容错算法如 Paxos, Raft 等在当前的分布式系统中已经广泛使用,而拜占庭容错算法的实际应用范围相对来说小很多(特别是在区块链问世之前)。

Tendermint 属于拜占庭容错算法,它针对传统的 PBFT 算法做了优化,只需要有两轮投票即可达成共识,目前 Tendermint 算法主要应用在区块链系统中,这篇文章就从原理上来介绍 Tendermint 的共识机制。

关于 Tendermint 算法的完整描述在 这里 。

这里先介绍一下算法的流程,理解了算法流程之后,再来阐述该算法的安全性证明 (Proof of Safty) 和活性证明 (Proof of Liveness)。

下面这张图是 tendermint 状态转换图

算法主要有 NewHeigh -> Propose -> Prevote -> Precommit -> Commit 一共 5 个状态(阶段)。

上述每个状态都被称为一个 Step,首尾的 NewHeigh 和 Commit 这两个 Steps 被称为特殊的 Step,而中间加粗体的三个 Steps 则被称为一个 Round,是共识阶段,也是也是算法的核心原理所在。

需要注意的是,一个块的最终提交(Commit)可能需要多个 Round 过程,这是因为有许多原因可能会导致当前 Round 不成功(比如出块节点 Offline,提出的块是无效块,收到的 Prevote 或者 Precommit 票数不够 +2/3 等等),出现这些情况的话,解决方案就是移步到下一轮,或者增加 timeout 时间)。

这里,还要介绍一个重要概念:PoLC,全称为 Proof of Lock Change,表示在某个特定的高度和轮数(height, round),对某个块或 nil (空块)超过总结点 2/3 的 Prevote 投票集合,简单来说 PoLC 就是 Prevote 的投票集。

Tendermint 中有两种类型的节点,Validator 节点和 Non-Validator 节点,顾名思义,只有 Validator 节点会参与共识投票,而普通节点作为 Non-Validator 节点,不参与共识投票,只协助传递状态或向 Validator 节点发送交易请求。

初始状态下(创世块),高度为 0, 此时,系统会基于 Round Robin 原则来选出一个 Validator(每个 Validator 都有一定的 Voting Power),由这个 Validator 打包一个新的 Block, 并向所有节点发出 Proposal,剩余的 Validator 节点对该 Proposal 进行投票,最终达成共识。

以下,分阶段来阐述各个阶段:

当上一轮 Commit 结束,就会出现新高度,这是就需要进入下一轮共识了,也就是说,这就是新一轮共识过程的开始,这时候需要选出一个 Proposer。选择算法是 Round Robin,基于他们的 Voting Power(上一轮的选中的 Validator 节点会把其 Voting Power 值减去 Total Voting Power,也就是说上一轮的 Validator 在这一轮,其 Voting Power 会变成负数)。

在 Propose 节点开始的时候,该轮指定的 proposer 需要通过 gossip 广播一条 proposal 到所有的 peers。如果此时这个 proposer 被锁在上一轮的某个 block 上,那么它就直接 propose 那个 block,同时包含一条 proof of lock 的信息。

Validator 节点收到 propose 信息之后就进入 Prevote 投票阶段。投票时,如果 Validator 被锁在之前一个 block 上,那么还是给之前那个 block 投 prevote 票,否则就投当前的 block。同时,它会继续收集对这个 block 的 prevote 投票,等轮到他 propose 的时候打包进 PoLC。

注意:

如果自己有 Lock-Block,这时又收到一个新的针对另外一个块的 PoLC,并且满足LastLockRound < PoLC-Round < 当前 Round,则解锁 Lock-Block。

如果 timeout 期间没收到 proposal,或者收到的 proposal 是无效的,那么就投 nil 票。

在 Prevote 阶段不会锁住任何 block。

Prevote 超时或者收到的 Prevote 的 nil 票超过 2/3 时,就进入 Precommit 阶段。

如果此时收到了 +2/3 的 prevote 投票,就广播一条 precommit 投票,同时, 把自己锁在当前的 block 上(把之前的都释放掉) 。一个节点一次只能锁在一个块上。

如果收到 +2/3 的 nil 投票,那么就释放锁。

当一个节点锁在一个 block 上的时候(有 PoLC) ,它会将 LastLockRound 置为当前 Round,并对这个块投 Precommit 票。

如果有针对 nil 票的 PoLC,则解锁并且对 nil 投 Precommit 票;否则的话保持 Lock-Block 不变,并投 nil 。

如果在 timeout 期间内,没有收到对某个块的足够的 +2/3 投票(prevote 或者 nil 都行),那么就什么也不干。

最终,如果一个节点收到了 +2/3 的 precommit 投票,就进入 Commit 阶段。否则,继续进入下一轮的 Propose 阶段。

Commit 阶段是一个特殊阶段,有两个并行的条件必须满足:

At any time during the consensus process if a node receives more than 2/3 of commits for a particular block, it immediately enters the Commit step if it hadn’t already. Thus there are two ways to enter the Commit step. A commit-vote for a block at round R counts as prevotes and precommits for all rounds R0 where R < R0 . Commit-votes are gossipped to neighboring peers in the background re-gardless of the current round or step。

At any time during the consensus process if a node is locked on a block from round R but receives a proof-of-lock for a round R0 where R < R0 , the node unlocks.

Tendermint 的安全性就是说,在对高度为 H 的块达成共识之后,不可能会出现新的高度为 H 的块,也就是说 Tendermint 保证不会分叉,保证不会分叉的主要角色就是 Lock-Block。

先看下wiki对于安全性证明的描述:

Assume that at most -1/3 of the voting power of validators is byzantine. If a validator commits block B at

round R, it's because it saw +2/3 of precommits at round R. This implies that 1/3+ of honest nodes are still

locked at round R' > R. These locked validators will remain locked until they see a PoLC at R' > R, but this

won't happen because 1/3+ are locked and honest, so at most -2/3 are available to vote for anything other

than B.

翻译:

假定有最多小于总结点 1/3 的拜占庭节点。如果一个节点在第 R 轮提交一个块,则表明此节点在第 R 轮收到大于 2/3 的针对此块的 Precommit 投票。这也就意味有

大于1/3 的诚实节点在第 R’ (R' > R)轮仍然锁定在这个块上(因为大于 2/3 的 Precommit 投票必定包含大于 1/3 诚实节点的 Precommit 投票)。只有当遇到针对另一个

块的 PoLC 时才会解锁,但是在 R' 轮是不可能有针对某个块的 PoLC,因为已经有大于 1/3 的诚实节点已经锁定在这个块上,所以就不可能有对另外一个块大于 2/3

的 Prevote 投票。

下面给出较为详细的证明过程,假设高度为 H 的块 b 在第 R 轮达成共识。给出如下条件:

需要证明, 当 x 个节点 commit 之后,剩余(也就是 y + z)的没有 Commit 块 b 的节点不会对另外一个块达成共识。

也就是说需要证明:y + z - z0 2/3。

简而言之,要从 x + y + z0 > 2/3 证明 y + z - z0 < 2/3。

我们通过反证法来证明:

假设 y + z - z0 > 2/3,也就是在第 r 轮之后有可能造成分叉,则:

x + y + z - z0 > 2/3 + x => 1 - z0 > 2/3 + x => x + z0 < 1/3。

而上面我们提到了,因为x节点已经 Commit 块 b,则 x + y + z0 > 2/3,且 y < 1/3,则说明 x + z0 必须大于1/3。由此证明,y + z - z0 < 1/3 成立,在第 R 轮之后无法对另一个块达成共识,也就不可能出现分叉。

活性证明相对来说就要简单一些,假设多于 1/3 的节点分别 Lock 在不同的块上,则在 Prevote 阶段的条件保证最终 round 较小的会 unlock,而且 proposal 的超时时间会随着轮数的提高而提高。

在证明安全性的过程中提到,有可能会有部分节点由于没有收到足够的 Precommit 投票导致无法 commit,这个时候可以通过同步来使各个节点的状态尽量保持一致,在wiki中提到一个 JSet 和 VSet 的概念,当节点已经 commit 时,就可以广播一条消息携带 VSet 给其他节点,其他节点验证对于块的 commit 是否有效。这一点其实和 bft-raft (另外一个拜占庭容错算法,Raft 算法的变种)的做法类似。

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